GABAergic signaling shapes multiple aspects of Drosophila courtship motor behavior

Inhibitory neurons are essential for orchestrating and structuring behavior. We use one of the best studied behaviors in Drosophila, male courtship, to analyze how inhibitory, GABAergic neurons shape the different steps of this multifaceted motor sequence. RNAi-mediated knockdown of the GABA-producing enzyme GAD1 and the ionotropic receptor Rdl in sex specific, fruitless expressing neurons in the ventral nerve cord causes uncoordinated and futile copulation attempts, defects in wing extension choice and se-vere alterations of courtship song. Altered song of GABA depleted males fails to stimulate female recep-tivity, but rescue of song patterning alone is not sufficient to rescue male mating success. Knockdown of GAD1 and Rdl in male brain circuits abolishes courtship conditioning. We characterize the around 220 neu-rons coexpressing GAD1 and Fruitless in the Drosophila male nervous system and propose inhibitory cir-cuit motifs underlying key features of courtship behavior based on the observed phenotypes.