ATM phosphorylates the FATC domain of DNA-PK cs at threonine 4102 to promote non-homologous end joining.

Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) drives the DNA damage response via modulation of multiple signal transduction and DNA repair pathways. Previously, ATM activity was implicated in promoting the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway to repair a subset of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), but how ATM performs this function is still unclear. In this study, we identified that ATM phosphorylates the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PK cs ), a core NHEJ factor, at its extreme C-terminus at threonine 4102 (T4102) in response to DSBs. Phosphorylation at T4102 stabilizes the interaction between DNA-PK cs and the Ku-DNA complex and promotes assembly and stabilization of the NHEJ machinery at DSBs. Ablating phosphorylation at this site results in decreased NHEJ, radiosensitivity, and increased radiation-induced genomic instability. Collectively, these findings establish a key role for ATM in NHEJ-dependent repair of DSBs through positive regulation of DNA-PK cs .