Advanced practice physiotherapy care in emergency departments for patients with musculoskeletal disorders: a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial and cost analysis

Background Advanced practice physiotherapy (APP) models of care where physiotherapists are primary contact emergency department (ED) providers are promising models of care to improve access, alleviate physicians’ burden, and offer efficient centered patient care for patients with minor musculoskeletal disorders (MSKD). Objectives To compare the effectiveness of an advanced practice physiotherapist (APPT)-led model of care with usual ED physician care for persons presenting with a minor MSKD, in terms of patient-related outcomes, health care resources utilization, and health care costs. Methods This trial is a multicenter stepped-wedge cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a cost analysis. Six Canadian EDs (clusters) will be randomized to a treatment sequence where patients will either be managed by an ED APPT or receive usual ED physician care. Seven hundred forty-four adults with a minor MSKD will be recruited. The main outcome measure will be the Brief Pain Inventory Questionnaire. Secondary measures will include validated self-reported disability questionnaires, the EQ-5D-5L, and other health care utilization outcomes such as prescription of imaging tests and medication. Adverse events and re-visits to the ED for the same complaint will also be monitored. Health care costs will be measured from the perspective of the public health care system using time-driven activity-based costing. Outcomes will be collected at inclusion, at ED discharge, and at 4, 12, and 26 weeks following the initial ED visit. Per-protocol and intention-to-treat analyses will be performed using linear mixed models with a random effect for cluster and fixed effect for time. Discussion MSKD have a significant impact on health care systems. By providing innovative efficient pathways to access care, APP models of care could help relieve pressure in EDs while providing efficient care for adults with MSKD. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05545917 . Registered on September 19, 2022