Micro- to nano-scale investigation of Precambrian metasediments: biogenicity and preservation in the 3.22 Ga Moodies Group (Barberton Greenstone Belt, S. Africa) and the 2.46 Ga Brockman Iron Formation (Hamersley Basin, W. Australia).

Precambrian metasediments provide a unique archive for understanding Earth's earliest biosphere, however traces of microbial life preserved in ancient rocks are often controversial. In this study we leveraged several micro- to nano-scale techniques to study filamentous structures previously reported in clastic sediments of the 3.22 Ga Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, S. Africa. We performed petrographic, mineralogical, electron microprobe, confocal fluorescence and electron microscopy analyses of these structures in order to evaluate their biogenicity and syngenecity. We also examined drill core samples of deep-water iron formations from the 2.46 Ga Joffre member of the Brockman Iron Formation (Hamersley Basin, W. Australia) to better understand their potential biogenicity. In both cases, we aimed to resolve primary vs. secondary mineral assemblages and their relation to filamentous or sedimentary structures. In the Moodies Group samples, filamentous structures were resolved by confocal imaging and revealed to be crosscut by later metamorphic phases, highlighting their syngenetic nature. Three-dimensional imaging reveals that while the filamentous structures are not necessarily associated with grain boundaries (e.g., as organic coatings), they form both sheets and filaments, complicating their interpretation but not ruling out a biological origin. No organic microstructures appeared to be preserved in our Dales Gorge samples. We also examined the possible application of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) to carbonaceous matter in ancient silica-rich matrices, similar to Bourbin et al. (2013), using samples from the Brockman iron formation. While resonance associated with organic matter was largely unresolvable in the Brockman iron formation samples due to their low organic matter contents, large effects on the EPR spectra were apparent stemming from the presence of magnetic iron minerals, highlighting the need to carefully consider sample composition in EPR analyses targeting ancient organic matter. Collectively, this study highlights the added value of micro- to nano-scale techniques as applied to Precambrian metasediments containing traces of ancient life, for example in revealing the pre-metamorphic emplacement and three-dimensional structure of filaments in the Moodies Group, but also the potential drawbacks and pitfalls, such as the case of strong magnetic mineral interference in EPR analysis of organic matter in trace abundance in the Dales Gorge. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.