Targeting Nrf2 and NF-kappa B Signaling Pathways in Cancer Prevention: The Role of Apple Phytochemicals

Plant secondary metabolites, known as phytochemicals, have recently gained much attention in light of the "circular economy ", to reutilize waste products deriving from agriculture and food industry. Phytochemicals are known for their onco-preventive and chemoprotective effects, among several other beneficial properties. Apple phytochemicals have been extensively studied for their effectiveness in a wide range of diseases, cancer included. This review aims to provide a thorough overview of the main studies reported in the literature concerning apple phytochemicals, mostly polyphenols, in cancer prevention. Although there are many different mechanisms targeted by phytochemicals, the Nrf2 and NF-kappa B signaling pathways are the ones this review will be focused on, highlighting also the existing crosstalk between these two systems.