The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) - Standardised observations for science and societies

<p><span id="page34R_mcid353" class="markedContent"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">To understand, predict and mitigate climate change, it is</span></span><span id="page34R_mcid354" class="markedContent"> <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">crucial to have long-term and standardised measure</span></span><span id="page34R_mcid356" class="markedContent"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">ments of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and their fluxes between atmosphere, land and oceans.</span></span><span id="page34R_mcid357" class="markedContent"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"> The </span></span><span id="page34R_mcid358" class="markedContent"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">Integrated Carbon Observation System, is a distrib</span></span><span id="page34R_mcid360" class="markedContent"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">uted</span> <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">European</span> R<span dir="ltr" role="presentation">esearch</span> <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">Infrastructure</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"> which provides </span></span><span id="page34R_mcid362" class="markedContent"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">high-precision</span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"> and highly standardised observations </span><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">from more than 170</span></span><span id="page34R_mcid364" class="markedContent"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"> stations&#160;</span></span><span id="page34R_mcid366" class="markedContent"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"> from</span></span><span id="page34R_mcid370" class="markedContent"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation"> three domains: At</span></span><span class="markedContent"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">mosphere, Ecosystem and Ocean. ICOS covers currently </span></span><span id="page34R_mcid364" class="markedContent"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">16 European</span></span><span id="page34R_mcid365" class="markedContent"></span><span id="page34R_mcid366" class="markedContent"> <span dir="ltr" role="presentation">countries.&#160; All </span></span><span class="markedContent"><span dir="ltr" role="presentation">ICOS d</span></span>ata is made available by the ICOS Carbon Portal, first in near-real time (within 24h when possible), and after further quality control as domain specific annual releases. The data flow follows the Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable (FAIR) principles.</p> <p>ICOS data have shown the importance of sustainable long-term observations to understand inter-annual variations, trends and extreme events. They show climate and antropogenic feedback on the carbon cycle and ecosystem-specific responses to disturbances. ICOS data are very useful for good practise guidelines on maintaining or enhancing ecosystem carbon sinks and, thus, might also be an important tool for monitoring and verifying respective policies. Further societal impact is generated by using ICOS data for verification of fossil fuel emission reductions and guiding cities towards climate neutrality.</p> <p><span id="page34R_mcid372" class="markedContent"></span><span id="page34R_mcid373" class="markedContent"></span></p> <p>&#160;</p> <p><span id="page34R_mcid373" class="markedContent">&#160;</span></p>