Enhanced Production of Active Photosynthetic and Biochemical Molecules in Silybum marianum L. Using Biotic and Abiotic Elicitors in Hydroponic Culture

Elicitors are stressors that activate secondary pathways that lead to the increased production of bioactive molecules in plants. Different elicitors including the fungus Aspergillus niger (0.2 g/L), methyl jasmonate (MeJA, 100 mu M/L), and silver nanoparticles (1 mu g/L) were added, individually and in combination, in a hydroponic medium. The application of these elicitors in hydroponic culture significantly increased the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and total phenolic contents. The treatment with MeJA (methyl jasmonate) (100 mu M/L) and the co-treatment of MeJA and AgNPs (silver nanoparticles) (100 mu M/L + 1 mu g/L) exhibited the highest chlorophyll a (29 mu g g(-1) FW) and chlorophyll b (33.6 mu g g(-1) FW) contents, respectively. The elicitor MeJA (100 mu M/L) gave a substantial rise in chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll contents. Likewise, a significant rise in carotenoid contents (9 mu g/g FW) was also observed when subjected to meJA (100 mu M/L). For the phenolic content, the treatment with meJA (100 mu M/L) proved to be very effective. Nevertheless, the highest production (431 mu g/g FW) was observed when treated with AgNPs (1 mu g/L). The treatments with various elicitors in this study had a significant effect on flavonoid and lignin content. The highest concentration of flavonoids and lignin was observed when MeJA (100 mM) was used as an elicitor, following a 72-h treatment period. Hence, for different plant metabolites, the treatment with meJA (100 mu M/L) and a co-treatment of MeJA and AgNPs (100 mu M/L + 1 mu g/L) under prolonged exposure times of 120-144 h proved to be the most promising in the accretion of valuable bioactive molecules. The study opens new insights into the use of these elicitors, individually or in combination, by using different concentrations and compositions.