Multiparametric Flow Cytometry to Characterize Vaccine-Induced Polyfunctional T Cell Responses and T Cell/nk Cell Exhaustion and Memory Phenotypes in Mouse Immuno-Oncology Models

Suitable methods to assess in vivo immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy of cancer vaccines in preclinical cancer models are critical to overcome current limitations of cancer vaccines and enhance the clinical applicability of this promising immunotherapeutic strategy. In particular, availability of methods allowing the characterization of T cell responses to endogenous tumor antigens is required to assess vaccine potency and improve the antigen formulation. Moreover, multiparametric assays to deeply characterize tumor-induced and therapy-induced immune modulation are relevant to design mechanism-based combination immunotherapies. Here we describe a versatile multiparametric flow cytometry method to assess the polyfunctionality of tumor antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses based on their production of multiple cytokines after short-term ex vivo restimulation with relevant tumor epitopes of the most common mouse strains. We also report the development and application of two 21-color flow cytometry panels allowing a comprehensive characterization of T cell and natural killer cell exhaustion and memory phenotypes in mice with a particular focus on preclinical cancer models.