Asymmetric response of South Asian summer monsoon rainfall in a carbon dioxide removal scenario

The reversibility of South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) precipitation under the CO 2 removal scenario is critical for climate mitigation and adaptation. In the idealized CO 2 ramp-up (from 284.7 to 1138.8 ppm) and symmetric ramp-down experiments, SASM precipitation is largely reversible while exhibiting strong asymmetry: it may overshoot the unperturbed level when CO 2 recovers. Such asymmetric response is mainly due to the enhanced El Niño-like and Indian Ocean dipole-like warming during the ramp-down period. The uneven sea surface warming weakens Walker circulation, with anomalous sinking over the SASM region. Meanwhile, the warming also affects the rainfall over the Maritime Continent and tropical western Indian Ocean. The suppressed rainfall over the Maritime Continent triggers the equatorial Rossby wave, which weakens the ascent over the SASM region; the increased rainfall over the tropical western Indian Ocean excites the equatorial Kelvin wave, which reduces moisture transport. Additionally, tropic-wide warming reduces the land-sea thermal contrast and weakens monsoonal circulation. Consequently, the combined effects of the weakened ascent and moisture transport lead to the overshooting of SASM rainfall. Our results suggest that symmetric CO 2 removal, although unlikely in the foreseeable future, may result in a risk of local drought over the SASM region.