Variable dysregulation of circulating lipocalin-2 in different obese phenotypes: Association with vasodilator dysfunction

Background: Obesity is linked with heightened cardiovascular risk, especially when accompanied by metabolic abnormalities. Lipocalin (LCN) 2 and retinol-binding protein (RBP) 4, two members of the lipocalin family, may be upregulated in insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. We analyzed whether changes in circulating LCN2 and RBP4 in obese individuals relate with impaired vasodilator reactivity, an early stage in atherosclerosis. Methods: Obese individuals ( n = 165), without ( n = 48) or with ( n = 117) metabolic abnormalities, and lean subjects ( n = 42) participated in this study. LCN2 and RBP4 were measured by Luminex assay. Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, respectively, was assessed by strain-gauge plethysmography. Results: Circulating LCN2 was higher in obese than in lean subjects ( p < 0.001), whereas RBP4 was not different between the two groups ( p = 0.12). The vasodilator responses to both acetylcholine and nitroprusside were impaired in obese individuals ( p < 0.001 vs lean subjects), with no difference between those with metabolically healthy or unhealthy obesity ( p > 0.05). In the whole population, vasodilator responses to acetylcholine ( R = 0.23, p = 0.01) and nitroprusside ( R = 0.38, p < 0.001) had an inverse, linear relationship with circulating LCN2; no correlation, by contrast, was observed between circulating RBP4 and vasodilator reactivity (both p > 0.05). In a subgroup of obese patients with diabetes ( n = 20), treatment with metformin ( n = 10) or pioglitazone ( n = 10) did not modify circulating LCN2 and RBP4 or vascular reactivity (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: Circulating LCN2, but not RBP4, is higher in obese than in lean individuals. Interestingly, changes in LCN2 inversely relate to those in vasodilator function, thereby making this protein a potential biomarker for risk stratification in obesity.