A one health framework to advance food safety and security: An on-farm case study in the Rwandan dairy sector

In Rwanda, cattle and milk hold a cultural and historical significance, providing an opportunity for pro-dairy governmental policies aimed to alleviate food insecurity, malnutrition, and improve livelihoods. The government of Rwanda has identified strategies to grow the dairy sector through strategic investment to achieve these goals. It is estimated two-thirds of lactating cows in Rwanda have clinical or subclinical mastitis, which reduces milk production and increases the risk of milk as a source for zoonotic disease if the milk is consumed undercooked or unpasteurized. This case study outlines the implementation of a One Health framework that integrates education, research, and outreach in Rwanda to improve food safety and food security, for the social, economic, and health benefit of Rwandans and their livestock. Twenty-five Rwandan Extension Specialists participated in the Dairy Dynamic Management education, research, and outreach program. Once trained, the extension specialists supported 30 small holder dairy farmers in performing proper husbandry and animal health practices for mastitis control and reduction of bacterial counts in the udder. Over the 16-week program, 30 small holder dairy farmers and 100 dairy cows were surveyed weekly for animal husbandry, animal health, and mastitis indicators. Outcomes were evaluated by monitoring animal health, foodborne pathogens in milk, and compliance to animal husbandry protocols. Quarter milk samples were collected weekly and evaluated for the presence of bacteria that are common causes of mastitis. We found a statistically significant reduction of mean total bacterial counts and prevalence of bacterial species in quarters over the 16-week training (P ≤ .01). Smallholders were monitored through observing farmers performing hygienic milking protocols. Farmers conducted the protocol correctly greater than 90% of the time by the end of the 16-week program for 5 of 7 steps for proper hygienic milking procedures, indicating farmers were eager to learn and adopt the procedures. However, follow-up and retraining with Extension Specialists is vital to continued success. We demonstrate that an integrative One Health education, research, and outreach program can be successful in improving animal health, food safety, and food security and this framework can be applied to other agricultural sectors and geographic regions.