Heterogeneity and function of cancer-associated fibroblasts in renal cell carcinoma

With the advancement of anticancer therapy, there is increasing interest in understanding the tumor microenvi-ronment (TME). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a pivotal role in the TME and have been the focus of much research in recent years. CAFs play an active role in cancer progression through complex interactions with other cells in the TME, releasing regulatory factors, synthesizing and remodeling the extracellular matrix. How-ever, research on the role of CAFs in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is still in its nascent stages. Here, we describe the origins and subgroups of CAFs, the roles of CAFs in the development and progression of RCC, the impact of CAFs on RCC prognosis, and the potential of CAFs as treatment targets in RCC. By analyzing CAF subsets, biomarkers, and targeted therapies, we present the significance and contribution of CAFs in RCC research. Furthermore, we highlight the distinct contribution of CAFs in advanced RCC through horizontal comparison with other cancers. This paper provides a comprehensive perspective of recent and foundational studies on the role of CAFs in RCC and other types of cancers and new insights for further study of CAFs in RCC.