New use for an old drug: quinidine in KCNT1 -related epilepsy therapy

KCNT1 has been known to encode a subunit of the tetrameric sodium activated potassium channel (K Na 1.1). Pathogenic variants of KCNT1 , especially gain-of-function (GOF) variants, are associated with multiple epileptic disorders which are often refractory to conventional anti-seizure medications and summarized as KCNT1 -related epilepsy. Although the detailed pathogenic mechanisms of KCNT1 -related epilepsy remain unknown, increasing studies attempt to find effective medications for those patients by utilizing quinidine to inhibit hyperexcitable K Na 1.1. However, it has been shown that controversial outcomes among studies and partial success in some individuals may be due to multiple factors, such as poor blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration, mutation-dependent manner, phenotype-genotype associations, and rational therapeutic schedule. In recent years, with higher resolution of K Na 1.1 structure in different activation states and advanced synthetic techniques, it improves the process performance of therapy targeting at K Na 1.1 channel to achieve more effective outcomes. Here, we systematically reviewed the study history of quinidine on KCNT1 -related epilepsy and its corresponding therapeutic effects. Then, we analyzed and summarized the possible causes behind the different outcomes of the application of quinidine. Finally, we outlooked the recent advances in precision medicine treatment for KCNT1 -related epilepsy.