Immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma—from little benefit to first-line treatment

Summary At the turn of the past century, unresectable metastatic melanoma was primarily treated with different chemotherapeutic agents, such as dacarbazine, with only poor efficacy. Immunotherapeutic agents, such as interleukin‑2 or adjuvant interferon alpha, were used with modest results but frequent side effects. In the last 10 years, modern immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibition has dramatically changed the treatment landscape of metastatic melanoma and is now considered the first-line treatment for stage IV melanoma. Consequently, median overall survival has increased from 9.1 months with dacarbazine to up to 72.1 months using the current gold standard ipilimumab + nivolumab first-line. In 2023, in Europe, the anti-PD1 antibodies nivolumab and pembrolizumab are licensed in the adjuvant and metastatic setting and the combination therapies ipilimumab + nivolumab and relatlimab + nivolumab are approved in the metastatic setting. Nevertheless, despite tremendous progress in the last two decades, at least 50% of our patients with stage IV melanoma still die. Currently, research focuses on combining checkpoint inhibition with other drugs such as cancer vaccines, BRAF/MEK inhibition, other tyrosine kinase inhibitors or histone deacetylase inhibitors.