A comprehensive review of the effects of porosity and macro- and micropore formations in porous β-TCP scaffolds on cell responses

The present study comprehensively reviewed the effects of porosity, micropores, and macropores of porous β-TCP scaffold on cell responses. Relevant information from reports conducted between 2000 and 2022 available in databases, such as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed, were systematically searched during this study. Although numerous studies have reported on porous β-TCP scaffolds, no publication has discussed the effects of porosity and micropore and macropore formations in porous β-TCP scaffolds towards cell response. Consequently, the current review presented a comprehensive understanding of the roles of porosity and macro- and micropore sizes in influencing cell activities towards porous β-TCP scaffolds. The information discussed in this review would provide new insights into the significance of porosity, macropores, and micropores in inducing bone-like cell activities towards porous β-TCP scaffolds.