Post-thaw sperm motilities in semi-captive versus wild populations of endangered Chiricahua leopard frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis)

Green coffee is the major product in coffee international trade, and its quality is directly affected by the presence of defective coffee beans. Such defective beans are usually separated by color sorting from the nondefective ones prior to commercialization. However, color separation is not effective and color sorting machines are usually set up to allow some nondefective coffees to be rejected to the defective pile as well. As a consequence, coffee lots that are separated as defective can present a significant percentage of good coffee. Furthermore, the separation of defective and nondefective roasted coffees is a complex task. Given the successful application of spectroscopic methods in the development of fast and reliable routine methodologies for food quality authentication, the current review presents a compilation of literature reports on the application of spectroscopic methods to coffee quality evaluation.