Cancer and Associated Recent Findings on Metastasis

Background: Cancer is one of the disease with up rised constant mutations and difficult to cure due to metastatic tumors and cell- cell communications between the tumors and the cell through stromal microenvironment and cell signaling. Discussion: Integrin α11β1 acts as a stromal receptor and remodifies collagen through communication between the stroma and collagen related genes contributing majorly to metastasis in NSCLC. Extracellular matrix protein-1, Osteopontin and Osteonectin are the secreted proteins which are differentially expressed based on the metastatic phenotype. Thrombospondin-1 is responsible for migratory property of the wild cells by promoting intravasation and hyperplasia in many cancers like prostate cancer. Hemopexin and Ferritin light chain (FTL) are the proteins majorly expressed in cancer cell cytoplasm and stromal fibroblasts and contribute to metastasis through secretions mediated by extracellular vesicles. Conclusion: Other proteins like TWIST, BRCA-1, BRCA-2, cell adhesion proteins, MMPs, Tetraspanin can contribute to metastasis in cancer through promoting either cell migration, Extravasation, Hyperplasia or Angiogenesis facilitating the secondary tumor formation in distant organs.