To guard the rhythm of the heart: Constructing a wall of ice with surgical endocardial cryo-maze.

Surgical atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation is a valid option in cases of concomitant cardiac surgery. Electroanatomical mapping before and after the procedure can assess the substrate and verify durable lesion formation. It is likely that a routine combined cardiosurgical and electrophysiological approach may yield the greatest benefit for such patients.