Biomechanical responses of individuals with transtibial amputation stepping on a coronally uneven and unpredictable surface.

Coronally uneven surfaces are prevalent in natural and man-made terrain, such as holes or bumps in the ground, curbs, sidewalks, and driveways. These surfaces can be challenging to navigate, especially for individuals with lower limb amputations. This study examined the biomechanical response of individuals with unilateral transtibial amputation (TTA) taking a step on a coronally uneven surface while wearing their clinically prescribed prosthesis, compared to individuals without mobility impairments (controls). An instrumented walkway was used with the middle force plate positioned either flush or rotated ± 15˚ in the coronal plane and concealed (blinded). TTAs used greater hip abduction compared to controls across all conditions, but especially during blinded inversion. The recovery step width of TTAs was wider after blinded eversion and narrower after blinded inversion, but unchanged for controls. These results suggest TTAs may have decreased balance control on unexpected, uneven surfaces. Additionally, TTAs generated less positive prosthetic ankle joint work during blinded inversion and eversion, and less negative coronal hip joint work during blinded inversion compared to controls. These biomechanical responses could lead to increased energy expenditure on uneven terrain. Surface condition had no effect on the vertical center of mass for either group of participants. Finally, the TTAs and the control group generated similar vertical GRF impulses, suggesting the TTAs had sufficient body support despite differences in surface conditions. These results are important to consider for future prosthetic foot designs and rehabilitation strategies.