Defining the 3Epigenetic Boundary of the FMR1 Promoter and Its Loss in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome

This study characterizes the DNA methylation patterns specific to fragile X syndrome (FXS) with a full mutation (FM > 200 CGGs), premutation (PM 55-199 CGGs), and X inactivation in blood and brain tissues at the 3 & PRIME; boundary of the FMR1 promoter. Blood was analyzed from 95 controls and 462 individuals (32% males) with FM and PM alleles. Brain tissues (62% males) were analyzed from 12 controls and 4 with FXS. There was a significant increase in intron 1 methylation, extending to a newly defined 3 & PRIME; epigenetic boundary in the FM compared with that in the control and PM groups (p < 0.0001), and this was consistent between the blood and brain tissues. A distinct intron 2 site showed a significant decrease in methylation for the FXS groups compared with the controls in both sexes (p < 0.01). In all female groups, most intron 1 (but not intron 2 sites) were sensitive to X inactivation. In all PM groups, methylation at the 3 & PRIME; epigenetic boundary and the proximal sites was significantly decreased compared with that in the control and FM groups (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, abnormal FMR1 intron 1 and 2 methylation that was sensitive to X inactivation in the blood and brain tissues provided a novel avenue for the detection of PM and FM alleles through DNA methylation analysis.