Autoantibodies against an immunodominant epitope from apolipoprotein B and risk of cardiovascular events in subjects with type 2 diabetes

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have accelerated atherosclerosis progression and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, patients with type 2 DM (T2DM) are increasing in the general population, and they have a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) than patients without T2DM [ [1] Nathan DM Lachin JM Bebu I Burch HB Buse JB Cherrington AL Fortmann SP Green JB Kahn SE Kirkman MS Krause-Steinrauf H Larkin ME Phillips LS Pop-Busui R Steffes M Tiktin M Tripputi M Wexler DJ Younes N. GRADE Study Research GroupGlycemia reduction in type 2 diabetes - microvascular and cardiovascular outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387: 1075-1088https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2200436 Crossref PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar ]. However, the mechanisms underlying the increased CVD risk of patients with T2DM and atherosclerosis progression are not completely understood. One possible mechanism is the increased production of advanced glycation and lipoperoxidation end products, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and lysophosphatidylcholine, implicated in the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, one of the main atherogenic components associated with CVD risk [ [2] Lankin V Konovalova G Tikhaze A Shumaev K Kumskova E Viigimaa M. The initiation of free radical peroxidation of low-density lipoproteins by glucose and its metabolite methylglyoxal: a common molecular mechanism of vascular wall injure in atherosclerosis and diabetes. Mol Cell Biochem. 2014; 395: 241-252https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-014-2131-2 Crossref PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar , [3] Black HS. A synopsis of the associations of oxidative stress, ROS, and antioxidants with diabetes mellitus. Antioxidants. 2022; 11: 2003https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102003 Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar ].