Detection of Nanoparticles' Ability to Stimulate Toll-Like Receptors Using HEK-Blue Reporter Cell Lines.

Nanoparticles can be used to formulate Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists as vaccine and immunotherapy adjuvants or contain undesirable contaminants (e.g., endotoxin, CpG DNA, flagellin) with TLR-agonist activity. In both scenarios, the activation of the innate immune pattern recognition receptor leads to the inflammatory response that can be beneficial as in the case with vaccines and immunotherapies or adverse as in the case with contaminants. The protocol described herein utilizes commercially available reporter cell lines expressing individual TLRs, which, upon activation with their cognate agonists, stimulate the cells to produce secreted alkaline phosphatase detectable using a plate reader.