Mapping the Landscape of Citizen Science in Africa: Assessing its Potential Contributions to Sustainable Development Goals 6 and 11 on Access to Clean Water and Sanitation and Sustainable Cities

Data are vital for and creating knowledge-based solutions to development challenges facing Africa. As a result of gaps in government-funded data collection, and in the interest of promoting community engagement, there is a global movement towards consideration of nontraditional sources of data, including citizen science (CS) data. These data are particularly valuable when collected at a high resolution over large spatial extents and long time periods. CS projects and infrastructure are abundant and well documented in the Global North, while needs for participatory projects to fill environmental monitoring gaps may be greater in the Global South. The paper explores the contributions of citizen science projects originating in Africa for two Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), namely SDG 6, and SDG 11 which are particularly important to the millions of low-income residents of cities across Africa. Using a mixed methods approach that involves online surveys, interviews, expert conference panels, and a desk review, we analyze a total of 53 CS projects focusing on water, sanitation, and urban planning. The paper addresses CS in Africa and CS for SDGs, and documents evidence for participatory and CS data collection in Africa. It also describes the survey methods, including approaches to training of volunteers, sources of funding, data collection methods, and objectives of the tools and projects. Finally, it provides reflections on the challenges of integrating CS into official statistics in Africa, and some lessons learnt from CS projects in Africa. This paper recommends the establishment of an open-source database, creation of a network of CS projects for communication and collaboration, the uptake of citizen-generated data, and continuous funding for such projects in Africa.