Dynamic Modeling of a Generator with Anisotropic Nonlinear Permanent Magnets in Finite Element Method Software

In this article, a method of dynamic modeling of nonlinear permanent magnets (PMs) with recoil lines in 2-D finite element analysis (FEA) software was presented. COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 FEA software was used in this study. The method is implemented through the variable utilities. The simulation results of a spoke-type synchronous generator for a wind turbine with anisotropic aluminum-nickel-cobalt (Alnico) 5, 8B, and 9 grades were used to exemplify the model and compared. The proposed methodology can be used for the simulation of nonlinear PMs with recoil lines and includes reversible and irreversible losses of magnetization of nonlinear PMs. The effect of the magnetic field from the stator winding on nonlinear PMs during normal operation and short circuits was studied. The modeling results were compared to the model without any demagnetization and a previous study with recoil lines and averaged minimum magnetic flux points. The no-load (NL) voltages were compared before and after a demagnetization. The dynamic model showed considerable demagnetization of Alnico magnets during normal operational and three-phase short circuits. Alnico 5 and 9 showed higher sensitivity to short-circuit currents and the short-circuit currents caused remagnetization of the upper part of the magnet in the opposite direction. The anisotropy of the PM implemented in the model improved the magnetic field simulation inside the magnet and partially protected the magnet from demagnetization by inclined fields. At last, the method was experimentally verified by tests on an iron core.