Exploring the Heat Shock Transcription Factor ( HSF ) Gene Family in Ginger: A Genome-Wide Investigation on Evolution, Expression Profiling, and Response to Developmental and Abiotic Stresses.

Ginger is a valuable crop known for its nutritional, seasoning, and health benefits. However, abiotic stresses, such as high temperature and drought, can adversely affect its growth and development. Heat shock transcription factors () have been recognized as crucial elements for enhancing heat and drought resistance in plants. Nevertheless, no previous study has investigated the gene family in ginger. In this research, a total of 25 members were identified in the ginger genome, which were unevenly distributed across ten chromosomes. The members were divided into three groups (HSFA, HSFB, and HSFC) based on their gene structure, protein motifs, and phylogenetic relationships with Arabidopsis. Interestingly, we found more collinear gene pairs between and genes from monocots, such as rice, wheat, and banana, than dicots like . Additionally, we identified 12 genes that likely arose from duplication events. Promoter analysis revealed that the hormone response elements (MEJA-responsiveness and abscisic acid responsiveness) were dominant among the various cis-elements related to the abiotic stress response in promoters. Expression pattern analysis confirmed differential expression of members across different tissues, with most showing responsiveness to heat and drought stress. This study lays the foundation for further investigations into the functional role of in regulating abiotic stress responses in ginger.