Flexible Beamforming for Direct Radiating Arrays in Satellite Communications.

Onboard satellite communication systems generate and manage coverage beams over the Earth. Depending on data traffic requirements, the number of beams, side lobe levels, nulls, and EIRP, their beamwidth must be efficiently generated and managed. Therefore, this paper describes an approach for beam pattern synthesis applied to geostationary satellite communication systems. The beam pattern synthesis can generate beams with a beamwidth variation from 0.45 degrees to 1.5 degrees, which can be controlled independently for the two principal cuts. In addition, other requirements have been considered, e.g., latitude, and longitude, required EIRP, minimum and maximum side love levels for the two principal cuts, and nulling direction. The output of the synthesizer is a weight matrix with beamforming coefficients of the required beam. The direct radiating array in this contribution utilizes an open-ended waveguide antenna as unit cell elements with a period of 0.875 lambda(0) designed to work in left-hand circular polarization in the frequency band from 17.7 to 20.1 GHz. Since this design is intended for high-data rates applications, the minimum beamwidth requirements are very narrow. Therefore, 36 x 36 sub-arrays of 4 x 4 unit cells with a period of 3.5 lambda are considered to accomplish the beamwidth requirements while maintaining reduced computational and time resources for the weight matrix calculation compared to the conventional counterpart of 144x144 unit cells. The results show that the algorithm, which uses the surrogate optimizer, can compute the weight matrix and synthesize the beam with a slight deviation from the input data.