Conductive Biofilm Propolis-Based: Electrochemical Determination of Hydroxymethylfurfural in Honey

Honey samples have been widely evaluated regarding the presence of degradation products as an index quality control, for example, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in the presence of carbohydrates. The monitoring of HMF strategy can be a challenge; however, catalyst-based electroanalytical approaches can overcome it. This work aims the use of propolis to promote the anchoring of carbon nanotubes and Ni 2+ onto the electrode surface, as well as the synthesis of nickel oxyhydroxide. The modified electrode was applied as an electrochemical sensor in the determination of HMF and total carbohydrates, and the quantification of HMF in honey samples. The sensor has shown high sensitivity to successive additions of the evaluated species, presenting LOD of 0.18 and 0.051 mmol L −1 for HMF and total carbohydrates, respectively. In the analyses of honey samples, recovery values between 91.8 and 107% of HMF were achieved. Therefore, the proposed modified sensor showed potential for use as a greener alternative for honey quality control. Graphical abstract