Aerosol liquid water in PM 2.5 and its roles in secondary aerosol formation at a regional site of Yangtze River Delta

Aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) plays an important role in secondary aerosol forma-tion. In this study, a whole year field campaign was conducted at Shanxi in north Zhejiang Province during 2021. ALWC estimated by ISORROPIA-II was then investigated to explore its characteristics and relationship with secondary aerosols. ALWC exhibited a highest value in spring (66.38 pg/m3), followed by winter (45.08 pg/m3), summer (41.64 pg/m3), and autumn (35.01 pg/m3), respectively. It was supposed that the secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) were facilitated under higher ALWC conditions (RH > 80%), while the secondary organic species tended to form under lower ALWC levels. Higher RH (> 80%) promoted the NO3 - formation via gas-particle partitioning, while SO4 2- was generated at a relative lower RH (> 50%). The ALWC was more sensitive to NO3 - ( R = 0.94) than SO4 2- ( R = 0.90). Thus, the self-amplifying processes between the ALWC and SIA enhanced the particle mass growth. The sensitivity of ALWC and OX (NO2 + O 3 ) to secondary organic carbon (SOC) varied in different seasons at Shanxi, more sensitive to aqueous-phase reactions (daytime R = 0.84; nighttime R = 0.54) than photochemical oxidation (daytime R = 0.23; nighttime R = 0.41) in wintertime with a high level of OX (daytime: 130-140 pg/m3; nighttime: 100-140 pg/m3). The self-amplifying process of ALWC and SIA and the aqueous-phase formation of SOC will enhance aerosol formation, contributing to air pollution and reduction of visibility.& COPY; 2023 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V.