Probing Creation Process of Paintings from Tarsila Do Amaral (1886–1973) by MA-XRF and Differential X-ray Attenuation

Three artworks from Brazilian painter Tarsila do Amaral (1886–1973), “Manteau Rouge” (1923), “Vendedor de Frutas” (1925), and “Urutu” (1928), from different creative phases of the artist, were analyzed by macro X-ray fluorescence scanning (MA-XRF) technique. Based on the obtained elemental maps, it was possible to deduce the pigments employed by Tarsila during her different artistic phases. To investigate the ground applied in the paintings, XRF spectra were simulated with Zinc White and Lead White pigments in two categories: pure pigments, and another as ground. These simulated results were compared with experimental XRF data, allowing the discussion of the presence of Pb and Zn pigments in different layers of the paintings. From elemental maps, it was possible to observe repaintings in the “Manteau Rouge” and “Vendedor de Frutas”. Based on the results, it is possible to conclude that the painter utilized the same pigments consistently throughout her artistic phases, while exhibiting changes in her painting style.