Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibitors in Cardiac Sarcoidosis Management: Evaluating Therapeutic Efficacy and Future Directions.

Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a clinically challenging manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis, which is an idiopathic inflammatory disorder pathologically distinguished by non–caseating granulomas. Advanced cardiac imaging estimates approximately 30% of patients diagnosed with systemic sarcoidosis have cardiac involvement, with a primary presentation of heart failure, complete heart block, or ventricular arrhythmias. 1 Patel MR Cawley PJ Heitner JF Klem I Parker MA Jaroudi WA Meine TJ White JB Elliott MD Kim HW Judd RM Kim RJ. Detection of myocardial damage in patients with sarcoidosis. Circulation. 2009; 120: 1969-1977 Crossref PubMed Scopus (525) Google Scholar ,2 Terasaki F Azuma A Anzai T Ishizaka N Ishida Y Isobe M Inomata T Ishibashi-Ueda H Eishi Y Kitakaze M Kusano K Sakata Y Shijubo N Tsuchida A Tsutsui H Nakajima T Nakatani S Horii T Yazaki Y Yamaguchi E Yamaguchi T Ide T Okamura H Kato Y Goya M Sakakibara M Soejima K Nagai T Nakamura H Noda T Hasegawa T Morita H Ohe T Kihara Y Saito Y Sugiyama Y Morimoto SI Yamashina A Japanese Circulation Society Joint Working GroupJCS 2016 guideline on diagnosis and treatment of cardiac sarcoidosis - digest version. Circ J. 2019; 83: 2329-2388 Crossref PubMed Scopus (162) Google Scholar The past decades have seen a >20-fold increase in CS detection, emphasizing its escalating clinical significance. 2 Terasaki F Azuma A Anzai T Ishizaka N Ishida Y Isobe M Inomata T Ishibashi-Ueda H Eishi Y Kitakaze M Kusano K Sakata Y Shijubo N Tsuchida A Tsutsui H Nakajima T Nakatani S Horii T Yazaki Y Yamaguchi E Yamaguchi T Ide T Okamura H Kato Y Goya M Sakakibara M Soejima K Nagai T Nakamura H Noda T Hasegawa T Morita H Ohe T Kihara Y Saito Y Sugiyama Y Morimoto SI Yamashina A Japanese Circulation Society Joint Working GroupJCS 2016 guideline on diagnosis and treatment of cardiac sarcoidosis - digest version. Circ J. 2019; 83: 2329-2388 Crossref PubMed Scopus (162) Google Scholar