A robust control approach integrating with optimal fuel cells to strengthen the frequency stability of a diverse-sources power system including renewables

In the current power landscape, renewable energy sources (RESs) have assumed a crucial role in satisfying consumer demand. However, as the deployment of renewables increases, certain challenges arise, including issues with system frequency stability, inertia, and damping reduction. To address these concerns, an innovative approach is suggested in this study. The proposed strategy aims to maintain frequency stability in a diversesource power system that encompasses two interconnected regions incorporating RESs. The proposed strategy comprises a new multi-degree of freedom FOTID controller known as the MDOF-TI2DPN controller in the secondary control loop (SCL) and optimally controlled fuel cells (OFCL) to enhance the system's stability under the effect of renewable energy (RESs) fluctuations. In this context, the gains of the considered strategy (optimal MDOF-TI2DPN in addition to OFCL) have been picked out by using an innovative optimization approach known as the Capuchin search algorithm (CapSA). The statistical tests are used to examine the efficacy of the considered CapSA compared to those of other optimization strategies utilized in previous studies. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed controller in the SCL is verified by contrasting its performance with that of another suggested controller known as MDOF-PIDN as well as other controllers such as PD-IT, PDPN-I2T, 2DOF-TI2DPN, 3DOF-PIDN, 3DOF-TIDN, and 3DOF-PI2DPN. Additionally, grid nonlinearities, including Boiler Dynamics, Generation Rate Constraint, Governor Dead Band, and random communication time delay (CTD), are considered. Moreover, the proposed strategy's performance is verified in the face of system constraints and nonlinearities. Different scenarios are implemented, and the simulation outcomes emphasize the superior performance of the suggested strategy. Therefore, the suggested strategy provides consistent power system adoption wherever it is implemented.