SubScatter: Subcarrier-Level OFDM Backscatter.

OFDM backscatter is crucial in passive IoT. Most of the existing works adopt phase-modulated schemes to embed tag data, which suffer from three drawbacks: symbol-level modulation limitation, heavy synchronization accuracy reliance, and small symbol time offset (STO) / carrier frequency (CFO) offset tolerability. We introduce SubScatter, the first subcarrier-level frequency-modulated OFDM backscatter which is able to tolerate bigger synchronization errors, STO, and CFO. The unique feature that sets SubScatter apart from the other backscatter systems is our subcarrier shift keying (SSK) modulation. This method pushes the modulation granularity to the subcarrier by encoding and mapping tag data into different subcarrier patterns. We also design a tandem frequency shift (TFS) scheme that enables SSK with low cost and low power. For decoding, we propose a correlation-based method that decodes tag data from the correlation between the original and backscatter OFDM symbols. We prototype and test SubScatter under 802.11g OFDM WiFi signals. Comprehensive evaluations show that our SubScatter outstands prior works in terms of effectiveness and robustness. Specifically, SubScatter has 743kbps throughput, 3.1× and 14.9× higher than RapidRider and MOXcatter, respectively. It also has a much lower BER under noise and interferences, which is over 6× better than RapidRider or MOXcatter.