Impact of Microbiota and Host Immunologic Response on the Efficacy of Anticholinergic Treatment for Urgency Urinary Incontinence.

Introduction and hypothesis Studies within the past decade have suggested associations among composition of the urinary microbiota, local immune responses, and urinary incontinence symptoms. To investigate these relationships, we evaluated the structure of the urinary microbiome, local inflammatory markers, and patient responses prior to and at 6-weeks after treatment with anticholinergic medication for urgency urinary incontinence (UUI). Methods Using a prospective pilot study, we enrolled women who presented with UUI symptoms and were prescribed treatment with anticholinergics. Catheterized urine samples were collected from participants at their baseline and 6-week follow-up visits for microbiological (standard and 16S rRNA gene phylotyping analyses) and cytokine analysis along with the UDI-6 questionnaire and 2-day bladder diary. Results Patients were Caucasian, post- menopausal, with a median age of 64 and median BMI of 30.1 kg/m 2 . Among the patients, 75% had UUI symptoms for less than 2 years, but with a frequency of at least a few times a week or every day. Most women were prescribed 10 mg oxybutynin ER daily at enrollment. Patients had varied urinary microbiota by culture and 16S phylotyping, with species of Lactobacillus being the most common, in six samples, in addition to taxa associated with Enterococcus , Staphylococcus , and mixed flora. Cytokine levels showed no differences before and after treatment with anticholinergics, nor correlation with urinary bacteria or microbiome composition. Conclusions Our pilot study suggests factors in addition to the urinary microbiome and local immune responses may be involved in patients’ response to anticholinergics for UUI.