Vertical distribution of VOCs in the boundary layer of the Lhasa valley and its impact on ozone pollution

To investigate the vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentrations in the Lhasa valley region, an intensive measurement campaign was first conducted in summer using a tethered balloon. The results showed that the average concentration of surface VOCs was 49.1 +/- 30.1 ppbv, alkanes and aromatics were the main components. Notably, a very large discrepancy in VOCs was obtained between the wet (71.6 +/- 25.9 ppbv) and dry (25.6 +/- 8.0 ppbv) episodes, which was attributed to the atmospheric stability and diffusion capacity. Moreover, the total VOC (TVOCs) concentration declined under fluctuations, but it rapidly increased with height in the afternoon during the wet episode (2.50 ppbv/100 m, R2 = 0.47). According to the PMF results, combustion was the dominant emission source, additionally, the contribution of solvent coating in the wet episode and the background in the dry episode increased with height. Moreover, the O3 concentration increased with height, and the decrease in LNOx-OH could effectively prevent the occurrence of high O3 values. This study indicated that low wind speeds and high humidity levels highly likely cause the accumulation of atmospheric VOCs under static and stable conditions, while the control of high O3 concentrations must still greatly consider summertime NOx emissions in Lhasa.