Inhibitory effects on bovine babesial infection by iron chelator, 1-(N-acetyl-6-aminohexyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridin-4-one (CM1), and antimalarial drugs

Background: Babesiosis is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the apicomplexan phylum, genus Babesia. It is a malaria-like parasitic disease that can be transmitted via tick bites. The apicomplexan phylum of eukaryotic microbial parasites has had detrimental impacts on human and veterinary medicine. There are only a few drugs currently available to treat this disease; however, parasitic strains that are resistant to these commercial drugs are increasing in numbers. Plasmodium and Babesia are closely related as they share similar biological features including mechanisms for host cell invasion and metabolism. Therefore, antimalarial drugs may be useful in the treatment of Babesia infections. In addition to antimalarials, iron chelators also inhibit parasite growth. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the in vitro inhibitory efficacy of iron chelator and different antimalarials in the treatment of Babesia bovis. Methods: Cytotoxicity of antimalarial drugs; pyrimethamine, artefenomel, chloroquine, primaquine, dihy-droarthemisinine, and the iron chelator, 1-(N-acetyl-6-aminohexyl)-3-hydroxy-2 methylpyridin-4-one (CM1), were evaluated against Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells and compared to diminazene aceturate, which is the currently available drug for animal babesiosis using an MTT solution. Afterwards, an evaluation of the in vitro growth-inhibitory effects of antimalarial drug concentrations was performed and monitored using a flow cytometer. Half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of each antimalarial and iron chelator were determined and compared to the antibabesial drug, diminazine aceturate, by interpolation using a curve-fitting technique. Subsequently, the effect of the drug combination was assessed by constructing an isobologram. Values of the sum of fractional inhibitions at 50% inhibition were then estimated. Results: Results indicate that all drugs tested could safely inhibit babesia parasite growth, as high as 2500 mu M were non-toxic to mammalian cells. Although no drugs inhibited B. bovis more effectively than diminazine aceturate in this experiment, in vitro growth inhibition results with IC50 values of pyrimethamine 6.25 +/- 2.59 mu M, artefe-nomel 2.56 +/- 0.67 mu M, chloroquine 2.14 +/- 0.76 mu M, primaquine 22.61 +/- 6.72 mu M, dihydroarthemisinine 4.65 +/- 0.22 mu M, 1-(N-acetyl-6-aminohexyl)-3-hydroxy-2 methylpyridin-4-one (CM1) 9.73 +/- 1.90 mu M, and dimi-nazine aceturate 0.42 +/- 0.01 mu M, confirm that all drugs could inhibit B. bovis and could be used as alternative treatments for bovine babesial infection. Furthermore, the efficacy of a combination of the iron chelator, CM1, in combination with artefenomel dihydroarthemisinin or chloroquine, and artefenomel in combination with the iron chelator, CM1, dihydroarthemisinin or chloroquine, exhibited synergism against B. bovis in vitro. Conclusion: Our evaluation of the inhibitory efficacy of the iron chelator CM1, antimalarial drugs, and a com-bination of these drugs against B. bovis could be potentially useful in the development and discovery of a novel drug for the treatment of B. bovis in the future.