Vegetation response to grazing and drought (13 yr) in a conservation area in the Succulent Karoo, South Africa

Rangelands of arid ecosystems are driven by internal and external environmental controls. Grazing pressure is an important anthropogenic driver, but stochastic environmental events such as rainfall variability and prolonged drought can have profound effects on arid vegetation. We investigated the effect of a prolonged drought and initial high grazing pressure on range condition, perennial vegetation cover, life form cover, vegetation composition and vegetation diversity at five monitoring sites in a conservation area in arid Succulent Karoo vegetation. The response of the rocky mountainous vegetation to drought and grazing differed notably from the response of the sandy plains vegetation. Range condition and perennial vegetation cover reduced drastically in all habitats, although the extent of deterioration was less in the mountainous habitats. Annual vegetation cover was associated with inter-annual rainfall variability. Species richness decreased at three of five sites, whereas species evenness increased at three of five sites. Shannon-Wiener index of diversity and Simpson's diversity index trends were inconsistent. Vegetation composition changed directionally from a quasi-stable state in all five monitoring sites as the drought persisted. The extent of the change was less in mountainous habitats indicating potentially higher resilience than in plains habitats, though grazing pressure was lower in the mountains than on the plains over the study period. The existence of quasi-stable states, together with the observed directional changes in vegetation composition in response to both drought and grazing, indicated that both equilibrium and non-equilibrium vegetation dynamics apply.