Review of textile-based wearable electronics: From the structure of the multi-level hierarchy textiles

Textile electronics possess unique characteristics such as breathability, deformability, and flexibility, making them ideal platforms for wearable devices that offer maximum comfort when attached to human bodies. To date, efficiently combining scalable and structurally diverse textile manufacturing technology with smart device integration remains a major challenge in the field of wearable flexible electronics. In this review, the future development of textile electronics is explored and discussed in detail, focusing on innovation, scalability, stability, multifunctionality, and system integration. This review delves into detailed discussions on the forming methods of fibers, yarns, and fabrics that correspond to specific structures, followed by a comprehensive overview of the historical evolution of smart device preparation technologies, highlighting representative examples across various scales of the textile structures. Finally, the future strategies for developing novel textile structures and high-performance textile devices are analyzed and summarized.