Rational design and recent advancements of addictives engineering in ASnI₃ tin-based perovskite solar cells: insights from experiments and computational

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted much attention among third-generation photovoltaic technologies. Owing to their unique optical and electrical properties, PSCs can achieve high efficiency compared to traditional silicon solar cells. However, this high efficiency is obtained using a lead-based perovskite material as a photoactive layer, which has the disadvantage of environmental toxicity. A tin-based perovskite is the most promising alternative to the lead-based perovskite due to its suitable bandgap, high carrier mobility, and low toxicity. After a few years of intensive research, tin-based PSCs have achieved over 14% of PCE, mainly due to the additive engineering of the tin perovskite layer. In this review, the challenges and additive roles of tin-based PSCs, both experimentally and computationally, are presented in detail. Ultimately, the forthcoming challenges and research prospects are proposed to enhance the efficiency and stability of tin-based PSCs.