Maximizing solar energy production in ASEAN region: Opportunity and challenges

The Southeast Asian (SEA) region has witnessed a relentless surge in energy demand, driven by rapid urbani-zation, industrialization, and economic growth. In response, the exploration and development of renewable energy sources have gained significant attention. Among these sources, solar energy has emerged as a highly promising candidate due to its remarkable growth rate. This comprehensive review article aims to analyze the challenges and opportunities involved in maximizing solar energy production in the SEA region. The article commences with a succinct introduction to electromagnetic wave spectra and emphasizes the significance of visible spectra. It then provides a comprehensive examination of gross horizontal irradiance (GHI) patterns across the SEA region. A systematic tabulation is presented, organizing the current and potential solar energy installations and outputs of ASEAN countries. The article explores the deployment of hybrid photovoltaic (PV) systems, particularly floating PV installations, as an effective strategy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Moreover, the utilization of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems for optimizing solar PV output is investigated. The article further delves into critical maintenance protocols, encompassing corrective, emergency, preventive, and predictive measures, and explores the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) to assess the profitability of solar PV installations. Lastly, the leadership of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore in solar PV research is highlighted, with a specific focus on building integrated PV and floating PV research. By addressing these, this review article offers valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities for advancing solar energy production in the SEA region.