Neutrophil subsets play dual roles in tuberculosis by producing inflammasome dependent-IL-1β or suppressing T-cells via PD-L1

Neutrophils can be beneficial or deleterious during tuberculosis (TB). Based on the expression of MHC-II and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), we distinguished two functionally and transcriptionally distinct neutrophil subsets in the lungs of mice infected with mycobacteria. Inflammatory [MHC-II-, PD-L1 low] neutrophils produced inflammasome-dependent IL-1β in the lungs in response to virulent mycobacteria and ″accelerated″ deleterious inflammation, which was highly exacerbated in IFN-γR-/- mice. Regulatory [MHC-II+, PD-L1 high] neutrophils ″brake″ inflammation by suppressing T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production. Such beneficial regulation, which depends on PD-L1, is controlled by IFN-γR signaling in neutrophils. The hypervirulent HN878 strain from the Beijing genotype curbed PD-L1 expression by regulatory neutrophils, abolishing the braking function and driving deleterious hyper-inflammation in the lungs. These findings add a layer of complexity to the roles played by neutrophils in TB and may explain the reactivation of this disease observed in cancer patients treated with anti-PD-L1. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.