Variation of Stem CO₂ Efflux and Estimation of Its Contribution to the Ecosystem Respiration in an Even-Aged Pure Rubber Plantation of Hainan Island

The stem CO2 efflux (Es) plays an important role in the carbon balance in forest ecosystems. However, a majority of studies focus on ecosystem flux, and little is known about the contribution of stem respiration to ecosystem respiration (Reco) for rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations. We used a portable CO2 analyzer to monitor the rate of Es in situ at different heights (1.5 m, 3.0 m and 4.5 m) in an even-aged rubber plantation from 2019 to 2020. Our results showed that Es exhibited a significant seasonal difference with a minimum value in April and a maximum in September. The mean annual rate of Es at 3.0 m in height (1.65 +/- 0.52 mu molm(-2)s(-1)) was slightly higher than Es at 4.5 m in height (1.56 +/- 0.59 mu molm(-2)s(-1)) and Es at 1.5 m in height (1.51 +/- 0.48 mu molm(-2)s(-1)). No obvious differences in vertical variations were found. An area-based method (Ea) and a volume-based method (Ev) were used to estimate stem respiration at stand levels. One-way ANOVA showed that Ea had no obvious differences in vertical variation (p = 0.62), and Ev indicated differences in vertical variation (p < 0.05). Therefore, the Ea chamber-based measurements at breast height were reasonable and practical extrapolation proxies of stem respiration in an even-aged rubber plantation. With the use of the area-based method, the stem carbon values released from a mature rubber forest were estimated to be 1.214 t Chm(-2)a(-1) in 2019 and 1.414 t Chm(-2)a(-1) in 2020. Ea/Reco and Ev/Reco showed seasonal changes, with a minimum value in April and a maximum value in December. The leaf area index (LAI) and soil volumetric moisture content (VWC) were the major impact factors of Ea/Reco in an even-aged pure rubber plantation.