A 500-A/48-to-1-V Switching Bus Converter: A Hybrid Switched-Capacitor Voltage Regulator with 94.7% Peak Efficiency and 464-W/in³ Power Density

This paper proposes an efficient and compact hybrid switched-capacitor (SC) converter for direct 48-to-1-V power conversion in data centers. The proposed topology can be viewed as a 2-to-1 SC converter merged with two 8-to-1 series-capacitor-buck (SCB) modules through two switching buses. Different from the conventional DC bus architecture, the switching bus architecture removes the bulky DC bus capacitors and reduces the number of switches. Compared with existing 48-to-1-V hybrid SC demonstrations, the proposed converter achieves the highest SC stage conversion ratio with the lowest normalized switch volt-ampere (VA) rating, which promises lightened conversion burden on the following buck stage and reduced switch stress. A hardware prototype is designed, constructed and tested up to 500-A output current, achieving 94.7% peak power stage efficiency, 86.4% full-load efficiency and 464-W/in ³ power density.