Intelligent food tag: A starch-anthocyanin-based pH-sensitive electrospun nanofiber mat for real-time food freshness monitoring

A starch-based nanofiber mat was prepared for real-time monitoring of food freshness for the first time. UV-vis results showed that roselle anthocyanins (RS) conferred a wide pH sensing range on the nanofiber mat. The prepared nanofiber mats demonstrated good color visibility (total color difference value (Delta E) increased to 56.4 +/- 0.7) and a reversible response (within 120 s). Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results suggested that the nanofibers had smooth surfaces without beaded fibers and that RS was well embedded into the nanofibers. The introduction of RS improved the thermal stability of the nanofibers. Color stability tests revealed that the nanofibers exhibited excellent color stability (maximum change Delta E = 1.57 +/- 0.03) after 14 days of storage. Pork and shrimp freshness tests verified that the nanofibers could effectively reflect the dynamic freshness of pork and shrimp. Nontoxic, degradable and responsive characteristics make the pH-sensitive nanofiber mat a smart food label with great application potential.