Efficient Composite Colorization of Copper by Spatially Controlled Oxidation with Deep-UV Ultrafast Lasers

Colorizing metals using micrometer and nanometer scale surface modifications has been vastly investigated and presents many advantages for applications across scientific and technological fields. By tuning the surface chemical composition or controlling its morphology, it is possible to produce a wide range of chromatic effects. Ultrafast laser processing presents here an interesting asset, as it allows to simultaneously provide chemical and morphological modifications at the micro-scale in a single step. In this article, the composite colorization of copper surfaces with mW-class average power deep ultraviolet (DUV) femtosecond laser pulses is demonstrated. The advantages of this setup are twofold: first, thanks to the increased absorption of copper in the DUV, the technique allows scaling down the requirement for laser power. Second, under ultrafast short-wavelength illumination molecular oxygen bond-breaks occur, enhancing the oxidation rate of the copper. The technique allows for highly controllable and efficient copper oxidation with the irradiation parameters. Taking these two effects into account, the generation of a wide spectrum of colors-from dark blue to shiny red-is demonstrated, and the role of the surface oxidation rate, the laser fluence, and laser scanning strategies in the colorization of copper surfaces employing DUV lasers is discussed. Copper surface colorization with mW-class deep ultraviolet femtosecond laser pulses offers two key benefits: increased copper absorption in deep ultraviolet (DUV), reducing power needs, and spatially precise enhanced copper oxidation, resulting in a broad palette of colors with micron pixel resolution. Composite colorization of copper surfaces using DUV ultrafast pulsesimage