Celiac disease

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy whereby gluten ingestion leads to autoantibody formation and small intestine damage in genetically susceptible individuals. The prevalence of CD is approximately 1% with rising incidence over the past few decades due to increased testing. Individuals with pre-existing autoimmune disease and relatives with CD are at risk. Symptoms include diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, or growth failure; biochemical signs are anemia, nutrient deficiency, and decreased bone density. Diagnosis is made by duodenal biopsy in most patients, driven by symptoms, serology, and genotyping. Treatment is a gluten-free diet to prevent long-term sequelae, which includes lymphoma.