Glucose oxidase-instructed biomineralization of calcium-based biomaterials for biomedical applications.

In recent years, glucose oxidase (GOx) has aroused great research interest in the treatment of diseases related to abnormal glucose metabolisms like cancer and diabetes. However, as a kind of endogenous oxido-reductase, GOx suffers from poor stability and system toxicity in vivo. In order to overcome this bottleneck, GOx is encapsulated in calcium-based biomaterials (CaXs) such as calcium phosphate (CaP) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) by using it as a biotemplate to simulate the natural biomineralization process. The biomineralized GOx holds improved stability and reduced side effects, due to the excellent bioactivity, biocompatibitliy, and biodegradability of CaXs. In this review, the state-of-the-art studies on GOx-mineralized CaXs are introduced with an emphasis on their application in various biomedical fields including disease diagnosis, cancer treatment, and diabetes management. The current challenges and future perspectives of GOx-mineralized CaXs are discussed, which is expected to promote further studies on these smart GOx-mineralized CaXs biomaterials for practical applications.