Integrated Control of Echinochloa Oryzoides, Echinochloa Crus-Galli and Cyperus Difformis Based on Pre-Sowing Herbicide and Some Herbicide Combinations in Rice

Cosmopolitan weeds are even constant elements where rice cultivation started just a century ago. There are few but important weed species with high adaptation in rice, which requires monoculture production systems and aquatic environment. Rotation difficulty resulted in the proliferation of highly competitive weed species strongly adapted to the aquatic environment. Constant use of herbicides with the same mechanisms of action leads to an evaluation of herbicide-resistant weed population and an increased number of herbicide-resistant populations in Türkiye. Chemical weed control and alternative integrated weed management strategies in rice production systems have significantly evolved throughout the years as well as rice herbicide traits and weed spectrum. The study was carried out in rice fields with resistance problems in two different locations, in the Black Sea and the Marmara Regions. The clamozone 480 EC, oxadiazon 200 CS, glyphosate potassium 441 g/l, glyphosate IPA 360 g/lt +carfentrazone-ethyl 5 g/l, cyhalofop-butyl 200 EC, penoxsulam 25.2 OD +bentazon-sodium 480 SL active ingredients and combinations’ efficacy were investigated on ALS and ACCase inhibitor herbicides resistant Cyperus difformis, Echinochloa oryzoides and Echinochloa crus-galli populations. At the end of the study, it was determined that including pre-sowing herbicides such as clomazone and oxadiazon in the weed control program would help control the ALS and ACCase-resistant this species. Implementing integrated weed management strategies for managing existing herbicide-resistant weeds and reducing future development of herbicide resistance is one of our most influential and economical long-term strategies.