Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Human Papillomaviruses in Genital Lichen Sclerosus: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

In Brief Background Lichen sclerosus (LS) is an inflammatory disease mostly arising at the genital level. It is unclear whether human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have an etiological significance in LS, and data on their prevalence in patients with LS are controversial. Objectives The authors assessed alpha, beta, and gamma HPV prevalence in patients with genital LS. The association of HPV positivity with demographic and clinical factors was also investigated. Methods One hundred thirty-two formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded LS samples (2016–2020) were retrieved from the archives of a pathology department. Alpha HPVs were genotyped with the INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra II kit. Beta and gamma HPVs were searched by multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction. Immunostaining for p16INK4a was performed on high-risk HPV-positive samples. Results Patients had a median age of 61 years, were mostly women (n = 73, 55.3%), and with an early disease stage (n = 79, 59.8%). Alpha HPVs were detected in 12/132 cases (9.1%). Among the 5 high-risk HPV-positive cases, only 2 displayed a strong and diffuse p16INK4a staining. Beta genus was the most prevalent (35/132, 26.5%) and HPV5 was the most frequent beta genotype (25/132, 18.9%). There were 3 gamma HPV-positive cases among those with a valid result (3/131, 2.3%). Multiple infections with genotypes belonging to different genera were infrequent (3/131, 2.3%). No significant differences in the prevalence of the individual genera were observed according to sex and disease stage. Conclusions Of the 3 HPV genera, beta genus showed the highest prevalence. Further research is needed to clarify whether the presence of beta HPVs in genital LS has a clinical significance. Beta human papillomaviruses showed the highest prevalence in genital lichen sclerosus. For none of the human papillomavirus genera, did positivity significantly vary by sex and disease stage.