Early Immunomodulation in Immune Thrombocytopenia—a Report of the ICIS Meeting in Lenzerheide, Switzerland 2022

Summary The only way to prevent immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) from becoming refractory would be to restore tolerance to platelets at an early phase of the disease. Numerous immune alterations probably accumulate in chronic ITP; thus, the chances of cure decrease significantly with time. Currently, sustained remission off treatment (SROT) is a clinical definition describing patients who can discontinue their ITP treatment without risk and maintain a state of remission. Different treatment strategies are presently being evaluated with the goal of attaining SROT, mostly combining drugs targeting the innate and/or the adaptive immune system, the inflammation state, so as increasing the platelet load. In this sense, thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO‐RAs) have shown promising results if used as upfront treatment. TPO‐RAs seem to exhibit immunomodulation and immune tolerance properties, increasing not only the platelet antigen mass but also increasing the transforming growth factor‐β concentration, and stimulating regulatory T and B lymphocytes. However, more immunological studies are needed to establish accurate molecular alterations in ITP that are potentially reversed with treatments.