A 3D Ex Vivo Tumor‐Immune Coculture System Mimicking In Vivo Tumor Environmental Stress on CD8+ T Cells Exhaustion (Adv. Biology 7/2023)

3D Model CD8+ T Cells In article 2200264, Wenguo Cui, Ying Wang, Shun Lu, and co-workers established a tumor-immune microenvironment (TIME) mimicking a hydrogel-based 3D microsphere co-culturing system (3D-HYGTIC). During long-term co-culturing, a step-wise upregulation of key immune checkpoints with spatial heterogeneity in 3D-HYGTIC is observed, which is verified in patient-derived organoids and TIME in the murine model as well. We also presented lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) as a potential nivolumab-resistant target for combinational immunotherapy target in 3D-HYGTIC.